Neurological and Cognitive Health Booster
Synapsin is a component ingredient powder blend of ginsenoside Rg3 and
nicotinamide riboside along with ingredients to aid in solubilization and
dispersion. Synapsin was invented by renowned author, pharmacist and
functional medicine speaker Jim LaValle, RPh, CCN, ND, and is commonly used
as a component ingredient in nonsterile methylcobalamin or hydroxocobalamin
formulations to support neuronal function and cognition.†
About Ginsenoside Rg3
Rg3 is one of several triterpene saponins (ginsenosides) found in the plant
genus Panax, including Panax ginseng (Asian
ginseng) and Panax quinquifolius (American ginseng). Laboratory
studies report that Rg3 extracted from Panax ginseng supports
neuroprotection,† helping to support healthy microglial activity † and healthy neuronal function.1,2,3†
About Nicotinamide Riboside
Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a form of vitamin B3 found in cow’s milk. 4 Laboratory studies report administration of nicotinamide
riboside supports healthy levels of NAD+ in yeast and cultured
human and mammalian cells.† NR is reported to be incorporated
into the cellular NAD+ pool via the action of nicotinamide
riboside kinase (Nrk) pathway or via nicotinamide (Nam) salvage after
conversion to Nam by phosphorolysis.4,5,6 † Laboratory studies
have also reported the supportive and neuroprotective role for NAD +.5† In laboratory studies, nicotinamide riboside
supports neuronal NAD+ synthesis without inhibiting sirtuins,
which are important regulators of metabolism and longevity.7,8†
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†
Statements made are for educational purposes and have not
been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or
prevent any disease.
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References
1. Joo, S. S., Yoo, Y. M., Ahn, B. W., Nam, S. Y., Kim, Y. B., Hwang, K.
W., & Lee, D. I. (2008). Prevention of inflammation-mediated
neurotoxicity by Rg3 and its role in microglial activation. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 31(7), 1392-1396.
http://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.31.1392
2. Bao, H. Y., Zhang, J., Yeo, S. J., Myung, C. S., Kim, H. M., Kim, J. M.,
. . . Kang, J. S. (2005). Memory enhancing and neuroprotective effects of
selected ginsenosides. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 28(3),
335-342.
3. Mannaa, F., Abdel-Wahhab, M. A., Ahmed, H. H., & Park, M. H. (2006).
Protective role of Panax ginseng extract standardized with
ginsenoside Rg3 against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 26(3), 198-206.
doi:10.1002/jat.1128
4. Bieganowski, P., & Brenner, C. (2004). Discoveries of nicotinamide
riboside as a nutrient and conserved NRK genes establish a
Preiss-Handler independent route to NAD+ in fungi and humans. Cell, 117(4), 495-502. Retrieved from
http://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(04)00416-7.pdf
5. Belenky, P., Bogan, K. L., & Brenner, C. (2007). NAD+ metabolism in
health and disease. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 32(1), 12-19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2006.11.006
6. Yang, S. J., Choi, J. M., Kim, L., Park, S. E., Rhee, E. J., Lee, W. Y.
. . . Park, C. Y. (2014). Nicotinamide improves glucose metabolism and
affects the hepatic NAD-sirtuin pathway in a rodent model of obesity and
type 2 diabetes. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 25(1),
66-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.09.004
7. Suave, A. A. (2008). NAD+ and vitamin B3: From metabolism to therapies. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 324(3),
883-893.
https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.107.120758
8. Chi, Y., & Suave, A. A. (2013). Nicotinamide riboside, a trace
nutrient in foods, is a vitamin B3 with effects on energy metabolism and
neuroprotection. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 16(6),
657-661.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e32836510c0