SYNAPSIN™ (30-4969)


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Neurological and Cognitive Health Booster

Synapsin is a component ingredient powder blend of ginsenoside Rg3 and nicotinamide riboside along with ingredients to aid in solubilization and dispersion. Synapsin was invented by renowned author, pharmacist and functional medicine speaker Jim LaValle, RPh, CCN, ND, and is commonly used as a component ingredient in nonsterile methylcobalamin or hydroxocobalamin formulations to support neuronal function and cognition.

About Ginsenoside Rg3

Rg3 is one of several triterpene saponins (ginsenosides) found in the plant genus Panax, including Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng) and Panax quinquifolius (American ginseng). Laboratory studies report that Rg3 extracted from Panax ginseng supports neuroprotection, helping to support healthy microglial activity and healthy neuronal function.1,2,3†

About Nicotinamide Riboside

Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a form of vitamin B3 found in cow’s milk. 4 Laboratory studies report administration of nicotinamide riboside supports healthy levels of NAD+ in yeast and cultured human and mammalian cells. NR is reported to be incorporated into the cellular NAD+ pool via the action of nicotinamide riboside kinase (Nrk) pathway or via nicotinamide (Nam) salvage after conversion to Nam by phosphorolysis.4,5,6 † Laboratory studies have also reported the supportive and neuroprotective role for NAD +.5† In laboratory studies, nicotinamide riboside supports neuronal NAD+ synthesis without inhibiting sirtuins, which are important regulators of metabolism and longevity.7,8†

Statements made are for educational purposes and have not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

References

1. Joo, S. S., Yoo, Y. M., Ahn, B. W., Nam, S. Y., Kim, Y. B., Hwang, K. W., & Lee, D. I. (2008). Prevention of inflammation-mediated neurotoxicity by Rg3 and its role in microglial activation. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 31(7), 1392-1396. http://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.31.1392

2. Bao, H. Y., Zhang, J., Yeo, S. J., Myung, C. S., Kim, H. M., Kim, J. M., . . . Kang, J. S. (2005). Memory enhancing and neuroprotective effects of selected ginsenosides. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 28(3), 335-342.

3. Mannaa, F., Abdel-Wahhab, M. A., Ahmed, H. H., & Park, M. H. (2006). Protective role of Panax ginseng extract standardized with ginsenoside Rg3 against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 26(3), 198-206. doi:10.1002/jat.1128

4. Bieganowski, P., & Brenner, C. (2004). Discoveries of nicotinamide riboside as a nutrient and conserved NRK genes establish a Preiss-Handler independent route to NAD+ in fungi and humans. Cell, 117(4), 495-502. Retrieved from http://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(04)00416-7.pdf

5. Belenky, P., Bogan, K. L., & Brenner, C. (2007). NAD+ metabolism in health and disease. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 32(1), 12-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2006.11.006

6. Yang, S. J., Choi, J. M., Kim, L., Park, S. E., Rhee, E. J., Lee, W. Y. . . . Park, C. Y. (2014). Nicotinamide improves glucose metabolism and affects the hepatic NAD-sirtuin pathway in a rodent model of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 25(1), 66-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.09.004

7. Suave, A. A. (2008). NAD+ and vitamin B3: From metabolism to therapies. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 324(3), 883-893. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.107.120758

8. Chi, Y., & Suave, A. A. (2013). Nicotinamide riboside, a trace nutrient in foods, is a vitamin B3 with effects on energy metabolism and neuroprotection. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 16(6), 657-661. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e32836510c0

  • Must be stored between 2-8 C.
  • In accordance with DOT: Not applicable

Caution: *REFRIGERATE* - FOR USE AS AN EXCIPIENT

Test Specification
DESCRIPTION WHITE TO OFF-WHITE POWDER
SOLUBILITY INSOLUBLE IN WATER